Urethra, ureter, urinary bladder, and kidneys are the urinary system. This system exist to eliminate waste, and let out urine from the body. The urinary tract gets urine from the kidneys which then keeps it, and later releases it. The system also works to help maintain homeostasis of water, pH, blood pressure, red blood cells, calcium levels, and ions all intact. Magnesium, sodium, calcium, chloride, and potassium ions are secreted into urine from the kidneys. Kidneys also control levels of bicarbonate, and hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions yield a surplus of H+ which the kidneys must excrete. Bicarbonate ions form the natural buffer in the blood. Nephrons in the kidney transform blood to urine. Renin, Calcitriol, and erythropoietin are hormones that the kidney produces that interact with other systems in the body.
Arteriole: small artery
calyx or calix: Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis (plural: calyces or calices)
Catheter: Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Cortex: outer region of an organ;the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)
Creatine: Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood
Electrolyte: chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+) are electrolytes
erythropoietin (EPO): Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. --poietin means a substance that forms.
Filtration: process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water and salts. Only about 1.5 quarts (1500 mL) of urine are excreted daily
glomerular capsule: Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is known as Bowman's capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus
Glomerulus: Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney. Plural: glomeruli
Hilum: Depression in an organ where blood vessels and enter and leave.
Kidney: One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine.
Meatus: opening or canal
Medulla: inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertaining to the medulla)
Nephron: Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, re-absorption , and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney; each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney
nitrogenous waste: substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Potassium: An electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses. (K+)
Reabsorption: process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
renal artery: Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
renal pelvis: Central collection region in the kidney
renal tubules: microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
renal vein: blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart
Renin: hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
Sodium: An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions
Trigone: Triangular area in the urinary bladder.
Urea: major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
Ureter: One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urethra: Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
uric acid: nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
urinary bladder: hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Urination: process of expelling urine; also called micturition (voiding)
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