Parts of this system include lungs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, mouth, nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi which are considered the airway. These work together to provide oxygen for the cells. This system must also dispose of CO2. Alveoli and atmosphere produce a negative pressure gradient. The lungs closed off by the pleural membrane create a pressure that is less than that of the atmosphere’s in a resting state. Which leads air to fill the lungs when at rest. Air fills the lungs until the pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. The diaphragm, and external intercostal muscles contracts in response allowing more air to flow in. The thorax volume increases, and the pressure of the lungs goes below that of the atmosphere. When air is exhaled the external intercostal muscles, and diaphragm must relax. The internal intercostal muscles contract. The thorax in turn decrease in volume, and then increases pressure of the lungs. The switched direction of the pressure gradient allows air to leave until air pressures match inside and out of the body.
alveolar duct: The part of the respiratory passages beyond the respiratory bronchioles, from which the alveolar sacs and alveoli arise.
Alveoli: tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.
bicarbonate ions: a salt of carbonic acid containing the ion HCO3--; an acid carbonate.
bronchial tree: the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs.
Bronchiole: branches into which a bronchus divides.
Cilia: a short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure.
diaphragm: a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
Expiration: exhalation of breath.
gas exchange: The diffusion of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
hemoglobin: a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.
inspiration: the drawing in of breath
larynx: the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
Lung: each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed
Pharynx: the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
pleural cavity: the space that lies between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs.
Respiration: the action of breathing.
respiratory control center: located in the medulla oblongata and pons, which are parts of the brainstem. The RCs receive controlling signals of neural, chemical, and hormonal nature and control the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.
Trachea: a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
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