This system is made of the gall bladder, pancreas, liver, large/small intestine, stomach, esophagus, and mouth. Everything listed except the gallbladder, and pancreas are called the gastrointestinal tract. Besides these parts there are also gut flora which are bacteria that control part of digestion. Nutrients that the body needs for growth, healing of cells, and energy are synthesized from the breakdown of food. All of these nutrients can be grouped into one of the four categories which are fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. The mouth chews food and saliva is the digestive juice that breaks it down to a starch. The esophagus then brings down the food by swallowing to the stomach. From then the muscles calms down to allow food and stomach acid breaks it down further to carbohydrates, proteins, and starches. The mixture from the stomach called chyme goes to the small intestine which gives nutrients to the blood stream. From there large intestine collects leftover nutrients and water then forms stool for bowel movement. Pancreatic juice is also secreted to form starches, fats, and proteins. The liver produces bile acid to create fats.
alimentary canal: the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Amylase: an enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
Bile: a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Chyme: the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.
Digestion: the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.
Duodenum: the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.
Epiglottis: a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
esophagus: the part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.
Feces: waste matter discharged from the bowels after food has been digested; excrement.
gall bladder: the small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine.
gastric juice: a thin, clear, virtually colorless acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands and active in promoting digestion.
HCl: hydrogen chloride
large intestine: the cecum, colon, and rectum collectively.
Liver: a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes.
mesentery: a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
Mucus: a slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by mucous membranes and glands for lubrication, protection
Pancreas: a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.
pancreatic juice: the clear alkaline digestive fluid secreted by the pancreas.
Pepsin: the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.
pepsinogen: a substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid.
Peristalsis: the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
pH: a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Pharynx: the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
pyloric sphincter: a band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine.
Rectum: final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.
small intestine: the part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively.
Stomach: internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.
Villi: any of numerous minute elongated projections set closely together on a surface, typically increasing its surface area for the absorption of substances, in particular.
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